Landscape of the Yorkshire Dales
The
natural features of the Dales are the result of erosion by glacier
ice. Weathering of limestone, shale, sandstone and millstone grit
laid down about 300 million years ago has created the scenery that
we see today. Visitors can explore this fascinating, distinctive landscape
of open moorland, rounded valleys, crags and hills. The area is particularly
well known for its splendid limestone formations: scars, caves, dramatic
waterfalls and the expanses of fissured rock known as pavements.
Many visitors are unaware that the Yorkshire Dales are essentially
a managed landscape. While the major land-forms were created millions
of years ago, the distinctive character of the Dales is largely due
to man’s intervention. A succession of settlers left their mark on
the land - by clearing woodland, building villages and roads, cultivating
crops and later building barns and walls which are such a feature
of the area. Though few crops grow successfully on the uplands, the
lush valley grass provides ideal grazing. Dairy and mixed-stock farming
predominate in the lower dales whilst the high fells are left to the
Swaledale sheep.
The Yorkshire Dales provide archaeologists with an abundance of riches.
The Romans drove their ruler-straight roads across the fells. The
Angles, Danes and Norsemen came in their turn and the story of their
settlements can still be read today in the evocative names of places
and natural features.
The Middle Ages brought the Normans, who built castles and created
hunting forests. Monks from the great abbeys farmed vast estates;
they were the first to make cheese in Wensleydale and bred the hardy
hill sheep on the inhospitable fells. While we tend to think of the
Yorkshire Dales as a farming community, lead-mining was an important
industry throughout the North Pennines until late last century.
The
typical Dales landscape of dry stone walls and field barns came about
gradually, as land-owners enclosed the open fells for their livestock.
The Yorkshire Dales are a spectacular, beautiful and living landscape
- more than 60,000 people live and work in the Yorkshire Dales area.
While tourism is becoming increasingly important, the local economy
is still very dependent on farming and many of the customs and festivals
have their origins in agriculture.